Italian versus American Christmas Essay

Cheerful Christmas or Buon Natale! Let all of us commend the introduction of Christ. It is that season when loved ones meet up to celebrate for the deliverer is conceived. It is the point at which we the affection is most felt among loved ones and even outsiders. The voices of choralists add to the celebrations of the period (Miles 359). The Christmas convention takes its foundations from Christianity. This is likewise the explanation for the non-festivity of Christmas in certain nations, particularly those which are non-Christian. By the by, there are places like the United States and Italy where Christmas conventions are watched with the end goal of festivity, which rises above strict traditions (Miles 359). As customs direct, Italians alternate drawing out a wrapped blessing from an elaborate bowl which is known as the urn of destiny (Miles 359). As most Americans are Christians, occasions are supported during this season. This incorporates the gigantic measure of blessing giving and shopping (Barnett 144). Italians enhance their homes during Christmas time with a ceppo (tree of light) or lalbero di natale, their variant of the conventional Christmas tree (Miles 359). It is a wooden edge formed like a pyramid. Looking like a stepping stool it is shaped by a few layers of wooden retires as help. The presepe is put at the base of the ceppo. Confections, foods grown from the ground presents possess the upper racks. The ceppo is enhanced with smaller than usual flags, overlaid pine cones and shaded paper. Candles are set on it and further bested by either a doll or a star to finish the look. The root of the trough scene was in Italy. This is the motivation behind why it has been a significant piece of the Italian Christmas convention. Italian homes brighten their presepe or nativity scene as intricately as they can bear the cost of it. Americans, on the other piece of the globe embellish their homes with wreaths, mistletoes and Christmas trees as well. The lanes of New Mexico are fixed with luminaires or candles in a sack loaded with sand during Christmas time. Houses with level rooftop are additionally decorated with these. These serve to light the route for the infant youngster. In Washington D. C., the main national living Christmas tree was planted route back in the year 1924. From that point on, it has been the convention of the President of the United States to turn on the formal lights at Christmas. Going around with a star is normal for an Alaskan Christmas. An enormous star made out of brilliant hued paper is conveyed by young men and young ladies as they go entryway to entryway on Christmas day. They in any event, welcome lights on shafts with them as they sing ditties. Friendly neighbors let them in for rewards as youthful and old assemble in recognition of this upbeat event during this season (Barnett 144). On the off chance that the Italians have their Babbo Natale, Americans realize that he generally will be Santa Claus. He is referred to in the United States as the chunky man on red robe and dark boots, riding on his sleigh. He slides down the stack to leave his presents to the decent children at Christmas time. Blessing giving in Italy occurs on the la festa dell Epifania or the Epiphany which falls on the sixth of January. Babbo Natale gets out and about on la vigilia di natale or Christmas Eve. In different pieces of the locale, he is known as La Befana, an Italian society character. The present provider of Christmas presents in different territories is accepted to be St. Lucia. On different spots, he is known to be Gesu Bambino or the Child Jesus (Miles 359 360). The United States is a social mixture for sure. In this piece of the world, various traditions and conventions mix in congruity. It is during Christmas time when this social assorted variety is a lot of obvious. By and by, the mix of various societies in the end created an unmistakably American taste in spite of the fact that hints of different underlying foundations of these conventions are by one way or another still obvious. The most well-known among these impacts are British in cause. The Americans figure out how to cause Santa Claus to feel at home. This is the motivation behind why they made homes for him the nation over. In one of the towns at Torrington, Connecticut, one can locate a genuine Santa, alongside his mythical beings. At Whiteface Mountain in Wilmington, New York a perpetual home for Santa Claus was structured by Arto Monaco. This house swapped the reindeer for a metal forger. It even has a mail station and a church in its general plan. Consistently, around 100,000 individuals visits the Monaco planned Santa home (Barnett 144). Italian children are not out discussing sonnets around the area, they affectionately compose letters to their folks during Christmas while American children list the things they couldn't imagine anything better than to get as presents from Santa Claus (Miles 359; Barnett 144). The Christmas season doesn't begin and end on the 25th of December most definitely. The Italians practice certain traditions and customs to stamp this season. On la vigilia di natale or Christmas Eve, an intricate feast called the pronzo delta vigilia is served. Here fish soup or stew, fish, cannoli (Italian baked good) and different treats are served however no meat included. At the point when il natale (Christmas) falls, the entire family feast with panettone or the Christmas cake along with different dinners (Miles 359). Potatoes, meat, onions and beans are bubbled over pit fires for a Christmas feast at New Mexico. To cup the dinner, buns, breads and doughnuts are presented with espresso. Clean Americans have their own exceptional occasion convention. On the morning of Christmas Eve, no meat is served. Be that as it may, when the main star shows up over Wigiliais, meat would already be able to be served for supper. The fundamental highlights of the supper are sweet meats produced using poppy seeds and nectar, different fish, mushroom, cabbage and beetroot soup. The leader of the house gives out an oplatek which is an oval wafer. The nativity scene is engraved on this oplatek. A bit of the oplatek is severed as every relative including their companions who are available trade wants for each other. As custom directs, there is a spot set particularly for Mary and his child on the off chance that they come in look for a spot to remain for the evening. Feed is spread on the floor and under the decorative liner suggestive of the trough where Christ the friend in need was conceived (Barnett 144). Songbirds singing Christmas psalms give amusement in America. When contrasted with their kindred Americans, Hungarian Americans place a high premium on faith gatherings and ditties during Christmas Eve. On this day, they assemble around the Christmas tree as they do their present giving when the main star of the night shows up. Directly after the blessing giving occasional nourishments are served. The remainder of the family devours poppy seed, pecans, scones, beat with aniseed, caraway or sesame seeds and dumplings. The Italian form of this is the Zampognari and Pifferai. Woodwind players and bagpipers from the Abruzzi Mountains of Rome are wearing sheepskin vests, dull shrouds, white stockings and knee high breeches. They venture out right to strict hallowed places to engage the group (Barnett 144). We may not communicate in one language, we may not share one religion, we may not watch a similar custom however December 25 methods something very similar for us all. It is the day when the guardian angel was conceived. It is the day when the guarantee of salvation was made substance. On that night at a trough in Bethlehem, Jesus went to the world. In all lowliness, he carried on with his life on earth. In this light, let us recollect that while there is nothing amiss with unrestrained festivals during Christmas, there is an a lot further importance behind every one of these trappings. There is a whole other world to the food served and the blessings given and got. It is the introduction of Christ, and this is the ideal motivation to celebrate. In all conviction, any place on the planet you are in at Christmas time, however you praise it, one truth continues as before, it is the most magnificent season (Maloney NP). Works Cited Barnett, James Harwood. The American Christmas: A Study in National Culture. New Hampshire: Ayer Publishing, 1976. Å"Christmas in United States.  2008. TheHolidaySpot. com. Recovered February 21, 2008, from http://www.theholidayspot.com/

Grendel as a Sympathetic Character Essay

Would you be able to envision being conceived and naturally being viewed as shrewd? This is the thing that happens to Grendel. All through the book everyone’s emotions towards Grendel is that of a terrible individual or animal. In Grendel my compassion toward Grendel varies. Grendel begins as a thoughtful character since he is a blameless inquisitive kid with a mother who doesn’t talk, and lives in a cavern. As the story proceeds onward Grendel is misconstrued then begins to settle on choices that makes my compassion toward him decline. All through the book there are three phases to Grendels’ life. The principal stage begins with his adolescence, which he spends investigating and addressing. He in the end finds the pool of firesnakes and the land after it is first experience with a bigger world loaded with peril and information. The subsequent stage begins when a bull assaults Grendel; this instructs Grendel that the world is loaded with risk and makes him question the importance of life. Grendel attempts to make sense of the significance of life by seeing how people experience life and it intrigues him. While Grendel is caught and getting assaulted by a bull a few people intercede and see him caught. Grendel has a go at conversing with the people and request help, and out of nowhere they assault Grendel in light of the fact that they don't get him and dread him in view of his appearance. Grendel’s mother acts the hero to spare her child. How might one be a beast yet be spared by his mom? This is a case of my compassion toward Grendel who is a misjudged animal. Grendel in the end perceives how Hrothgar treats different people and concludes that he doesn't care for what he does to them. He inevitably assaults the individuals in the mead corridor the entirety of the fighters, which causes me to lose compassion toward him however I could perceive any reason why he does it. It is an individual inclination Grendel has towards Hrothgar. Grendel is a character that experiences numerous phases all through the story, yet to be conceived from malicious doesn't really make you abhorrent. He was only an inquisitive little animal who was still indulged by his mom at the outset and afterward learns of people and doesn't care for the way that they treat one another and in the long run is executed by Beowulf.

Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip Use Discretion with Hot Global Political Issues

Blog Archive Monday Morning Essay Tip Use Discretion with Hot Global Political Issues Although many MBA programs are interested in hearing about your international experiences, they are fundamentally  uninterested in your personal views on “hot” global political issues. Even when an admissions committee directly challenges you to discuss current events or global politics, you must take care to offer a point of viewâ€"not  a scathing manifesto. No clear rules exist as to what exactly you should discuss, but as you consider ideas, “knowing your audience” is of the utmost importance. Never take risks by discussing an economic, political, social or cultural idea that you believe an “average person” might find extreme. Of course, “extreme” is open to interpretation, and this is why choosing the issue you will discuss requires so much careful consideration. When you begin writing, keep in mind that you are not trying to win voters or recruit people to your causeâ€"your goal is simply to show that you are engaged in the issues, can consider  them in a balanced way and are able to articulate your ideas persuasively. Share ThisTweet Monday Morning Essay Tips

A Taste Of Power By Elaine Brown - 1444 Words

A Taste of Power was written by Elaine Brown who grew up in a poor neighborhood in Philadelphia and sensed what it meant to be black people, female, and poor American. Elaine Brown described her experiences as a woman in the inner circle of the Central Committee. In contrast to the black men s narratives of their experiences, Elaine Brown points up defects of the revolutionary vanguard. The Black Panther Party s buildings of a revolution were actually self-righteous; a revolution without the liberation of Black women from patriarchy would never lead to equality for all. Brown acknowledged, like many other women in the Black Panther Party that systems of racial and classist oppression were indeed intertwined with sexism. Though this lens†¦show more content†¦Newton envisioned the Black Panther Party leading would never be realized. An important theme in Elaine Brown’s book is the pervasive gender inequality within the party. Many panther women would agree with Brown on gender inequality, as it was pervasive in many if not all panther chapters. In addition, she highlights what she thought were causes of the fall of the party, and the changing platform, which she takes much credit for. Other panther members have addressed these issues as well. There seems to be some disagreement on what ultimately caused the demise of such an iconic force, and Brown attempts to piece together the many reasons. Brown had the large task of combating sexism as well as handling Central Committee conflicts that caused division in the party. She describes the way state-sanctioned violence killed many beloved Panther members, the inter-Panther conflict that caused international tensions to rise and because of her intimate love connection to Huey Newton also provides a candid view into his mindset. Brown dealt with these conflicts, which at times seemed unresolvable and eventually left the Black Panther Party after many years of faithful service. Prior to Brown s assignmen t as chairman, one could look at the Central Committee of the Black Panther Party and safely assume that testosterone was a pre-requisite for revolution. Women in the BlackShow MoreRelatedThe Black Panther Party For Self Defence2632 Words   |  11 Pagescontrasting views on the overall impact of the BPP, as well as its infamous leader Huey Newton. These transitional representations of the BPP gave way to new insights with a higher level of scrutiny. Within this time numerous former BPP members including Elaine Brown and David Hilliard produced autobiographies in order to voice their opinions. 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Age Groups And The Lifecycle - 1432 Words

Age Groups and the Lifecycle Children (Ages 3-12). Gender labels are placed on children prior to and after birth as we are taught about gender binary in an â€Å"either/or† fashion (Janssen Erickson-Schroth, 2013) during early years of development. For example, the newborn is either a boy or a girl and this predisposes children to gender specific ideologies. Gender revealing parties and baby showers are notorious for continuing traditional societal viewpoints of binary assumptions – girl or boy. Gender roles are established at an early age and children learn from their parents and caretakers of what is â€Å"right and wrong† in behaviors and preferences for specific genders. However, for children who are sexual minorities this can be a confusing†¦show more content†¦With the combination of puberty, social media, peers, and trying to fit in, adolescents are challenged with growing issues of identity development. This is especially true for youth who identify as transgender Although there has been increasing research and awareness for teens who identify with LGB; there are limited research and education for those who identify as transgender. The process of finding one’s identity has implications for youth outcomes while dormant identity development may be associated with poorer adjustment later in life (Bregman, Malik, Page, Makynen, Lindahl, 2012). Parental involvement in the process of gender identity and expression for adolescents has been a factor in the identity development of youth and teens. Bregman et al. (2012) suggests that how parents respond to their adolescent’s sexual minority status significantly influences the identity development in adolescent years into young adulthood. Parental responses and attitudes towards the youth’s sexual identity and expression is an imperative factor for adolescents. Adolescents who are rejected by their families because of their sexual minority status have found to be associated with an increase d likelihood of having depression, substance use, unprotected sex, and suicidal ideation (Bregman et al., 2012; Ryan, Huebner, Diaz, Sanchez, 2009).

Many May Wonder About The Connection Between The Cold War

Many may wonder about the connection between the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement and how the war has an effect on African-American civil rights. The effect may not be as perspicuous since these conflicts are two very strange juxtapositions. The two wars shared the same time and place in history yet they were never associated with each other. Although the Cold War may seem as if it went on for forever, from 1947 until 1991, the Civil Rights Movement went on from 1954 to 1968. However, the mass protest for equality of all races is still strongly present in today s society. It is rather absurd that it has taken more than half a century for every American to come to an agreement of acceptance of all races. These two historical events†¦show more content†¦The way Americans reacted toward the movement showed weakness as a nation, unable to come together as one to accept each other no matter of the race. 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Discrimination and Equality free essay sample

Explain what is meant by: * Diversity * Equality * Inclusion * Discrimination Diversity is recognising that though people may have things in common, they are all different in many ways. Diversity is valuing and accepting those differences Equality is treating everyone in a way that is fairly to them. Not to be confused with treating everybody exactly the same. (e. g. f a person with difficulty walking wanted get to the second floor, you would provide them with other ways, rather than making them take the stairs like everybody else) Inclusion is based upon the idea of allowing everyone equal access to a service regardless of gender, disability, religion etc. Discrimination is generally treating someone worse/better than others based on something like skin colour or hair colour, etc. 1. Describe ways in which discrimination may deliberately or inadvertently occur in the work setting There are different types of discrimination; these include indirect discrimination, positive discrimination, racial discrimination, and stereotypes. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination and Equality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Discrimination may not always be deliberate. Ways you could discriminate is talking to someone different because they’re from a different ethnicity, you could change your body language toward certain people, you could refrain from letting them join in an activity, etc. 1. Explain how practices that support equality and inclusion reduce the likelihood of discrimination If a setting is treating people as an equal and supporting people’s diversity, and including them in activities etc. you will be reducing the likelihood of discrimination. 2. 1. Identify which legislation and codes of practice relating to equality, diversity and discrimination apply to own role. There are various pieces of legislation in place to promote equality and reduce discrimination. These include: There are a variety of legislations and codes of practice that relate to equality, diversity and discrimination. All apply to own job role. These include: * The Disability Discrimination Act 2005 * Every child matters 2003 and children act 2004 * The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 * The Race Relations Act 2000 * Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN, 1989) * The Human Rights Act 1998 * The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 * Employment Equality Regulations 2003 2. 2. Show interaction with individuals that respects their beliefs, culture, values and preferences. ~Observation~ 2. 3. Describe how to challenge discrimination in a way that encourages change Record and report it immediately it is more likely to be addressed if it has been written down. Challenge discriminatory remarks with explanations of why they are wrong; back it up with your policies and procedures on equality and rights. Be proactive e. g. if you see that information is not accessible to all provide what is needed (such as in other languages or any other form necessary) 3. 1. Identify a range of sources of information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion There are a variety of different ways to obtain information about such things; some include government websites, a settings policies and procedures, asking a supervisor, leaflets etc. 3. Describe how and when to access information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion How to access information, advice or support can be done in many ways, some include asking someone (a manager or senior staff member) within the setting, reading the settings policies and procedures, going on websites, doing an internet search, phoning a child line, etc.. The information could be acc essed when you want to check something for yourself or support another person. If you are getting the information from someone else you should make sure that it’s at a convenient time. Discrimination and Equality free essay sample This helps us to be inclusive because if a child is allergic to a food or drink substance e. g. anges we would then change the menu the days that that child is in to something such as apple so that all the children have the same and it doesnt make the child with the allergy feel left out. Discrimination; discrimination is treating people differently because of their age, class, disability, race, culture, religion, gender or sexual orientation. An example of discrimination could be that a child could say to another child you are not playing with me because your skin is different to mine. 1. 2 Explain ways in which discrimination may occur deliberately or inadvertently in he work setting. Staff, children or parents may say something within the setting to discriminate deliberately such as; This is a Job that only women can do (stafO. My child cant play with yours as they are a different race (parent). We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination and Equality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Only boys can play with cars not girls (child). Discrimination may occur inadvertently in the setting as a member of staff could say ill put the cars out for the boys today as they like them with out meaning it to discriminate against girls. 1. 3 Explain how practises that support equality and inclusion reduce the likelihood of discrimination. having policies in place that both staff and parents can read and follow within the setting, managers can go on and/or send staff on training to make them more aware of discrimination and what it is and ways that they could prevent it, settings could use persona dolls with the children which will allow them to have a positive approach to others no matter what their age, class, disability, race, culture, religion, gender or sexual orientation is also the setting could provide different activities such as themed cultural days. An example of a themed cultural day could be eid where the children an dress up in traditional clothes, make cards, food tasting, make collages and listen to cultural music. 3. 1 identify a range of sources of information, advice and support about diversity, equality and inclusion. There are many different sources of information that you can use for advice on equality, diversity and inclusion such as managers and senior staff within the setting, the settings policies and procedures on diversity, equality and inclusion, the internet, you could contact outreach agencies, the NSPCC

Amish Communication free essay sample

This paper discusses the Amish peoples practices and focuses on their unique methods of communication. The writer first introduces the Amish people, explaining where they are from and what they believe in. The paper then discusses how their religious practices influence their methods of communication language, tone of voice and modest way of speech. It examines their use of language as punishment too shunning people by not speaking to them. The Amish are known as a plain people. This is a description is often given of the modest, traditional dress of Amish men and women. It is also quite applicable to the taciturn style of communication of the Amish as well as to their more famous traditional ways of life and dress. Ostentation in speech in the Amish community is frowned upon with suspicion, even regarded as heretical when done to excess, just as much as innovations in dress and the means of producing the necessities of everyday life. We will write a custom essay sample on Amish Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

The environmental factors that effect turnip peroxidase Essays

The environmental factors that effect turnip peroxidase Essays The environmental factors that effect turnip peroxidase Paper The environmental factors that effect turnip peroxidase Paper The changing of pH, substrate concentrations, temperature, and an inhibitor (Niacin) and the effects it hade on the enzyme turnip peroxides. Enzymes are biological catalysts which increase reaction rates by lowering the activation energies of substrates. A substrate is a reactant that interacts with the enzyme. The enzyme and substrate can be viewed as the recently discovered induced fit model, which suggests enzymes are flexible and dynamic things that change their shape so all these substrates (reactants) can become catcalled when the activation energy is lowered and the reactions happen a lot faster. Sometimes in cells though it may not need a particular substrate (reactant) so an inhibitor comes into play. Inhibitors are basically regulators that inhibit (disallow) the process of catalysis to take place within a particular substrate. There are two types of inhibitors that occur in such reactions. Competitive inhibitors are remarkably similar to the substrate, so much that it can match interchangeably with the substrate, thus leading to a halt in the production of the intended product. Another variety of inhibitor is the electric inhibitors. Electric inhibitors change the shape of the enzyme by binding to a different site other the active site, which is the usual site for catalysis. Usually the electric inhibitors make contact with the side of the enzyme opposite the active site. In some occasions however an electric activator is introduced and functions by connecting to the enzyme in a way that it allows for easy access for a substrate to the active site. Electric activators are the opposite of electric inhibitors. These regulators (both inhibitive and active in function) help keep the cell in homeostasis by not allowing too much or too little of a added or not needed product to be produced.. Enzyme activity is also regulated by cofactors which are either metal ions (e. G. Zen+, MGM+) or small organic molecules (e. G. Commence A, AND, NADIA, and many vitamins in our diet like iron). Cofactors main is to work together with enzymes to enhance the catalytic activity and by stabilizing the transition state. The transition state is the second of three steps of catalytic action of an enzyme. The transition state and termination state are important in regards to cofactors because the cofactors allow interactions between the enzyme and substrate lowering the activation energy required. The goal of the following paper is to inform you the reader on how environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, salt (an electrolyte), and how substrate concentration itself effects the rate of reaction and properties of turnip peroxides. If optimal rates of reaction can be determined for each parameter, perhaps a farmer can grow his turnips more effective and efficiently rather than if he didnt know that surrounding temperature, pH, cofactors, and inhibitors can effect the outcome of how much crop yielded. Turnip peroxides may be insignificant to us because its just a part of a urn but we must realize that the following experiments can and do affect us just as much if not more than these lifeless turnips. Inside our bodies right now things are being catcalled and pH. Enrapture, the amount of a particular substrate, and the presence of electrolytes (or absence of) can effect how we function from day to day. For instance if you over eat if you over eat, your body can only release so many digestive enzymes to break down this food (which can be seen as the substrate) so rate of reaction doesnt increase because their isnt enough digestive enzymes to digest this ridiculous amount of food. Thus an increase a digestive enzym es can catalyst more food leading to higher rate of reaction and less of a tummy ache. So the wise choice would be to eat small portions of food (substrate) so the digestive enzymes can breakdown evenly the food and produce energy for the body rather than wasting energy to breakdown the large amount of food. Thus the common hypothesis is that an increase in substrate concentration will effect peroxides activity. The null hypothesis is that the concentration of substrate will no effect on activity. PH is derived from the French puissant d hydrogen, or power of hydrogen . (biological science). The pH scale is a scale that indicates whether a substance is acidic or basic. The scale ranges from pH zero (acidic) to pH 14(basic). An example of an acidic product is lemon juice and milk of magnesia would be a base. Products are considered acidic because they give up protons during chemical reactions while basic receive protons. (Biological science). Neutral 7 is the point of reference. An example of a neutral solution would be rain water. Knowing the natural pH of turnip peroxides would be interesting to see whether its acidic or basic and to see what affect the two actors (acidic or basic) have on rate of reaction. The following information led the group to believe that the effect of pH activity will increase or decrease the natural pH of turnip peroxides and effect activity. The null hypothesis is that pH will have no effect on peroxides activity. The effect of temperature on an enzyme depends on the plant. Some plants can exist and grow hot climate like the desert and others can grow in cold climates respectively. Plants are said to be incapable of adjusting to internal temperature so it must be flexible to allow growth to occur when the Enrapture outside is optimal. To figure out optimal temperature for turnip peroxides could lead to better methods of choosing climates for the harvest of these turnips. An important term to know when it comes to temperature and the protein property of the peroxides is the term denatured. Denomination OCCUrs when an enzyme (with protein properties) is misfiled and rendered inactive. High temperatures usually lead to denominations because the increase in temperature essentially cooks the protein in the peroxides. Thus the increase in temperature will either increase peroxides activity of hinder it. The null hypothesis would that temperature will not effect activity. Salt is an electrolyte. Meaning the salt molecules (Niacin) will dissolve completely in water and individual and opposite charges will be a byproduct. Thus the amino acid property of peroxides can be affected by the An+ and CLC- ions. Denomination can occur is exposed to a high concentration of salt. Knowing the natural salt content of the turnip peroxides and adding more or less quantities can tell us when the peroxides becomes highly active and eventually denatured. The concentration of salt effects peroxides activity. The null hypothesis is that it doesnt. The equipment needed to test the parameters of the enzyme activity include a spectrophotometer set at Mann, civets, pipettes with pipettes , pipette tips, paraffin squares, blender, Kim wipes. To get the spectrophotometer ready to read our reaction, we need to first set the wavelength to Mann. Then set front left knob to 0%(no light). Insert the reference blank (with water) then set to 100%(no light block). Hen finally you can insert the sample tube into the chamber and red absorbent from the lower scale and the front of the spectrophotometer. Note: be sure to use Kim wipes on civets to prevent fingerprints that could throw off data). Regents or chemicals needed include hydrogen peroxide (1 percent H2O from 3% stock solution), turnip peroxides, glacial, pH buffers, and NCAA. To obtain turnip peroxides the lab instructor blended g of turnip into mm of water then filtered through a pa filter. T o obtain the correct amount of substrate (h2o) and NCAA, the CIVIC ;c.v. equation was necessary. C equals concentration and v equals volume in the equation. To test the effect the effect of pH on reaction rate we prepared 4 sets of action mixtures that contained glacial, h2o, peroxides. And 4 civets containing P HAS 2, 5, 7, and 10. (Note: mix peroxides last because the reaction happens immediately). The cavetti with h2o and glacial are mixed and added to a blank. The pH 2 is then poured in the blank as well. Then finally the peroxides is added. With paraffin covered over the cavetti the mix is inverted a couple of time to mix. The solution will turn brown due to the loss of hydrogen of glacial. Immediately after mixture insert the civets into already set spectrophotometer. Once set begin recording absences (start at zero) every 15 seconds until three minutes have elapsed-after reading values for three minutes discard the mixture appropriately in the waste beaker and clean civets. Now you can test PHS 5,7, 10. To test the effect of substrate concentration on peroxides activity different concentrations of substrate, peroxides glacial and h2o (the substrate) are needed. The procedures of adding chemicals (different amounts for h2o) and peroxides apply. Begin recording absorbency (start at zero) every 15 seconds until three minutes have elapsed. After reading values for three minutes discard the mixture appropriately in the waste beaker and clean civets. Unknown can test PHS 5,7,10. To test the effect of temperature the same amounts of peroxides, glacial, h2o, are used instead of using different pHs we used just pH 7. To regulate temperatures we used water/ice baths a 71 degrees Celsius. All solutions but the indicator (glacial) need to be at the temperatures. When ready the tubes sitting in the baths can be mixed (1 cavetti with h2o and pH 7 buffer, glacial, and finally peroxides) and set in the spectrophotometer. Begin recording absorbency (start at zero) every 1 5 seconds until three minutes have elapsed. After reading values for three minutes discard the mixture appropriately in the waste beaker and clean civets To test the effects of NCAA activity simply get 1 ml solutions of and 2 percent concentrations of 5% stock solution using call=c.v.. Follow same instructions as done for the temperature experiment and remember to mix the enzyme last so you get accurate results. Begin recording absorbency (start at zero) every 15 seconds until three minutes have elapsed. After eating values for three minutes discard the mixture appropriately in the waste beaker and clean civets. Figure 1 . Graph of absorbency of tubes in which salt was added to the assays that already contained a pH buffer (2. 1 ml), h2o (. 2 ml), turnip peroxides(l ml) and ecological(. Ml). Discussion PH had the lowest absorbent and had pH 10 had the highest. Thus peroxides is more prone to being a base. In the varying concentration levels of hydrogen peroxide on peroxides activity showed 2% to be the least active while 1% had the highest rate of reaction. This shows that an increase of the OIC Hahn results in a decrease of inactivity due to denomination. In the affect of temperature on enzyme activity as temperature went up so did the reaction but at the expense of denaturing of the peroxides. For the NCAA effect on peroxides activity showed increase for absorbent for all percentages and at 3% of . 1 ml of salt had the greatest absorbent. This shows that an increase or decrease of 3 hundredths of a ml of NCAA solution is going to denature the turnip peroxides. The hypothesis of each parameter was approved and the null was mulled. NCAA concentration indeed have an effect on the peroxides activity based on the graphs. The temperature did effect whether protein became denatured or not. The higher the pH the more activity occurred in peroxides and showed pH to be optimal for turnip peroxides. The increase of substrate effected the peroxides activity by denaturing the toxic h2o. Some problems were encountered in all the parameters of experimentation. The time between the the transfer of the assays to the spectrophotometeraffects the absorbencys. This could be easily solved by having the assay right by the spectrophotometer to make sure the sample gets in before the enzyme reacts.

Chronic Kidney disease with Hemodialyis Case Study

Chronic Kidney disease with Hemodialyis - Case Study Example The primary reason for her renal failure is obstructive uropathy which has been further complicated by hypertension and diabetes. Hydronephrosis is a condition that is caused by urine filled dilation of the renal pelvis which is then associated with progressive atrophy of the kidneys due to an obstruction of the urine outflow. The kidney eventually becomes a thin walled cystic structure with parenchymal atrophy, complete obliteration of the pyramids and cortex thinning. Bilateral obstruction will lead to renal failure. Hypertension is one of the major diseases that cause CKD. That is often related to poor control caused because of poor education of the patient and their family. One in three adults in the US and one billion people worldwide have hypertension and 26 million adults in the US have chronic kidney disease (Eskridge, 2010)." The National Committee on Prevention Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure describes the relationship between blood pressure and DVD as continuous, consistent, and independent of other risk factors" (Eskridge, 2010. pg. 55). Hypertension damages the kidneys in a couple of ways. Renal damage causes the activation of the renin-angiotensin system. This can happen from the beginning and then the sympathetic nervous system is activated. As this system continues to be damaged, the damage is measured by the change in the GFR or the serum creatinine. As capillary pressure increases, the endothelial cells are damaged which then activates platelets and in terglomerular coagulation (Eskridge, 2010). All of this chronically leads to neprosclerosis. It also accelerates kidney disease caused by other chronic problems such as diabetes. People with diabetes are recommended to keep their blood pressure at 130/80 or below (Porth & Matfin, 2007). In the case of diabetes, diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and probably accounts of 40% of all new cases. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes cause this type of renal failure. Diabetic neuropathy points to lesions in the kidney that are created in the diabetic kidney. The glomeruli are affected more than any other structure and there are some other problems such as capillary basement membrane thickening, diffuse glomerular sclerosis and nodular glomerulosclerosis (Porth & Marfin, 2007 pg. 1072). Renal enlargement as well as nephron hypertrophy and hyperfiltration occur early in the disease. This occurs because of the increased work that the kidneys must go through to pick up the excessive glucose . One of the firs t things that will be seen in diabetic renal failure is albumin in the urine. Hypertension as noted before push this disease forward and the symptoms manifest faster. Treatment Grace is being treated with Dialyzer-Revaclear with treatment time of 4 hours, a blood flow of 350ml/min, Dialysate K 1.5/Ca 1.25/Na (initial Cond 150-Final Cond 135)/ Bicarb 40, Dialysate flow 500ml/min, Dialysate temp 35.5 C, Heparin bolus 1.5u, heparin rate 0.8u/hr, ideal weight 78.5kg, pre weight 79kg, Target wt. 1.0kg. She is being dialyzed three times per week. Though hemodialysis has its own set of problems peritoneal dialysis would not be a good choice for Grace. Grace has a history of infections, she does not get around well, and lives in a retirement

Bolsa Chica Wetlands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bolsa Chica Wetlands - Essay Example It is assumed that the wetlands of Bolsa Chica provide shelter to a number of endangered species of flora and fauna. Recently the nature reserve of Bolsa China is also being used as a tourist-spot for nature-lovers. Since it is an important stop on the Pacific flyway of migratory birds, outbound travelers often grab the opportunity to come into the close contact of natural sceneries of the marshlands of Bolsa Chica. Apart from Bolsa Chica’s ecological importance, it has become a popular tourist spot, which provides the nature-lovers with a significant number of recreation activities such surf fishing for â€Å"perch, corbina, croaker, cabezon and sand shark†, bare-handed fishing for â€Å"California grunion, a species that only spawns on sandy southern California beaches†, bird-watching, etc. To the north and the South of Bolsa Chica Nature Reserve, there are the Warner Avenue and Seapoint Avenue, whereas there are residential areas on along border. Moreover, one can enjoy both the natural sceneries of Bolsa Chica and the oceanic beauty along the Pacific Coast Highway on the western border of Bolsa Chica. Though docent-led tour is available on the first, the second and the third Saturdays of each month, one can take a tour personal tour in these areas at any time of the year. The tours on the first Saturday and the third Saturday of each month are arranged by the â€Å"Amigos de Bolsa Chica† and the â€Å"Bolsa Chica Land Trust† from the South parking lots. Inbound nature-lovers can get a substantial knowledge about the areas’ weather, climate and geography from the Interpretive Center at Warner Ave. Bolsa Chica is endowed with some unique geographical features because of its more or less direct connection to the sea along its southern border. When we visited the area, the weather was somewhat cloudy. Though we guessed that it might rain, it did not happened finally. Before we reached there, we researched the weather st atus of Bolsa Chica by consulting the Bolsa Weather pages online. We learnt that the Bolsa Chica area has a typical weather which is applicable to any coastal area along the Tropic of Cancer. â€Å"A warm, dry Mediterranean climate,†, as it is said in Bolsa Chica page on Weather.com, â€Å"prevails over Southern California - inland it is hot in the summer, mild in the winter† (â€Å"Profile for Bolsa† pars. 3). August in Huntington is the warmest month, when the average temperature fluctuates between 900 F and 1050 F. In December, which is the coolest month, the average temperature oscillates from 200 F to 300 F. During the summer, frequent fogs prevail over the region and â€Å"most of the precipitation comes as rain† during the winter in December (â€Å"Profile for Bolsa† pars. 5). Since we visited Bolsa Chica at the end of July, the weather on our visiting day was neither foggy and nor rainy. Since Bolsa Chica stands very close to the coast of t he Pacific, the local climate remains almost moderate without much demarcation between the summer and the winters. Such moderate weather makes Bolsa Chica’s weather and climate different from the overall climatic pattern of California. Bolsa Chica, having all the characteristics of a wetland, is a rich habitat of a wide range of flora and fauna. A wetland is, indeed, a natural home of different species of birds, animals and plants. The â€Å"

Counseling Couples And Families Psychology Essay

Counseling Couples And Families Psychology Essay This paper examines the approach towards the counselling of families and the technique behind cognitive behavioural therapy, within the context of psychology. The paper provides a brief introduction to family counselling methods and approaches and particular focus on cognitive behavioural therapy. The paper is structured into two main parts: Part 1 deals with the method, technique and application of cognitive behavioural therapy whereas Part 2 deals with the more holistic approach of integrating this with personal belief and family values. The conclusion provides a summary of the key points. INTRODUCTION There are varied approaches to Family Counselling and these include such items as structural, psychoanalytic, bowenian, experiential etc. This paper focuses upon the aspect of cognitive behavioural family therapy. Early in the family therapy movement, this approach was treated with a degree of scepticism by the more traditionalist family counsellors. They saw the technique as having insufficient depth to deal with the complexities and dynamics of family dysfunction. In the early days, this approach was only considered useful in the counselling of children with family disorders but it has since evolved into much wider applications. It is only in the last 10 years that Cognitive Behavioural therapy as emerged in its own right as a major approach to family counselling. (Leahy, R. 2004) The different approaches to family counselling are extensively discussed in the work of Goldenberg. (Goldenberg, H, 2008). Cognitive behavioural approaches have been particularly successful in treating adolescents and youths with behavioural problems. The theoretical approach has the capability of adapting to different behavioural circumstances and environments. It deals with both emotional and social domains and as such is extremely persuasive in its applied application. The theory deals directly with those cognitive forces that stimulate emotional reactions and behavioural responses. As such it provides a problem solving orientation in order to determine the best or most suitable forms of psychological treatment. In order to deal successfully with cognitive problems it is important to gain a precise understanding of the emotions being displayed and understand the causation factors behind these. Mental health professionals have outlined the importance of family and social relationsh ips as an important contributory part of the therapeutic process in treating problems. As such favourable outcomes in treatment are highly influenced by a positive approach and supportive stance being adopted from the parents. (Kendall, P.C. 2006) COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL FAMILY THERAPY In the early days, the behavioural therapist saw only those individuals who were involved in problematic marriages. The others are children within problem families. The concept of strategic behavioural therapy developed the need to build on individual cognitive frameworks. Two of the major contributors were Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis. Both of these were influenced by Freud (instinct), Jung (mysticism) and Adler (common sense). Hence, from the perspective of the behavioural counsellor thoughts resulted in feelings and these in turn led to behavioural responses. (Friedberg, R.D. 2010) The problem areas that most readily identified with cognitive behavioural approach were that of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), substance abuse, Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), Anxiety, mood disorder, marriage and family therapy and eating disorders. The goal of CBT is considered threefold: (i) To enable the patient to become more aware that help is available and remedial action can be applied (ii) To assist the client in greater awareness of the problem and thereby invoke both confidence and belief (iii) to inspire the counsellor towards a more positive therapeutic approach. It is important that the counsellor develops a rapport with the patient and helps in the development of new cognition. The important aspect of CBT is that it is a relative short form of treatment and only requires about 4-7 months of therapy in order to treat most form of problems. It is essentially a combination of psychotherapy and behavioural therapy and combines a joint approach between patient and counsellor in order to determine a set of principles that can be applied to their daily lives. CBT uses the assumption that it is not the events that disturb us but the interpretation and meaning we give them. Hence if we provide too much of a negative emphasis we are blocked from doing action that we do not believe in. In this concept we only hang on to old thoughts and are prevented from learning new things. (Martin, B. 2012) Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) may be described a treatment modality that combines a number of techniques i.e. relaxation and soothing skills, cognitive behavioural techniques and improvement of self-awareness skills. In this context, modality may be defined as an application approach using a therapeutic agent. The approach to treatment is by that of problem solving, cognitive modification, exposure skills and contingency management. Patients with borderline personality disorders or those showing suicidal tendencies are difficult to treat. DBT is an innovative therapeutic approach aimed at addressing these needs. (Swales, B.K. 2011) The main aspect of DBT is that of accepting the condition of the patient whilst trying to teach them to change. This is achieved by building and maintaining a positive relationship with the client. The therapy looks towards getting the client to understand the reasons for the suicidal or dysfunctional behaviour. There are essentially four modes of treatment: (i) Individual Therapy the main body of work (ii) Group Skills teaching a number of techniques that include emotion moderation skills, inter-personal effectiveness, distress, tolerance etc. (iii) Telephone contact provision of help line sessions by telephone, outside of the main therapy sessions (iv) Therapist consultation group sessions in the DBT mode; the therapists work collectively to remain dialectical in the interaction with one another. (Capuzzi, D. 2008) There is a large literature base covering this area. Much of the work on dialectical behavioural therapy comes from Marsha Lineham who is a clinical psychologist based in Seattle. (Palmer, 2002). The concept of dialectical thinking has been defined as the manner in which the broader thought concept expresses the considered limitations of linear ideas on causation. (Palmer, R.L. 2002). Counselling and Marriage Problems Modern society poses numerous challenges upon a successful marriage. One of the most demanding is that of financial hardship. That might be brought on by a job loss or physical illness, leaving ones spouse to cope with the problem. This is often the situation where marital communications breakdown, when in fact it is the most important time for working as a team and communicating with one another. Another important issue is the loss of self-image, where either weight gain or loss occurs. [The concept of obesity or anorexic] this can lead to bouts of depression and subsequent illness. Another factor is dealing with family relationships, and this is particularly trying in new marriages. The concept of dealing with intervention and demands by in-laws, and having to deal with expectations that posed a strain on the marriage. The concept of long-term illness, disability or major illness can impose a tremendous strain on the spouse who is working and equally having to look after their part ner. (Long, H. 2010) In the last 20 years we have seen a dramatic rise in divorce rates, particularly in the US and Western Europe. Studies have indicated that this decline in marriage is largely due to the general breakdown and weakening of the traditional family structure. It is the maintenance of the family structure that really necessitates the importance of marriage. The children produced from the marriage are the future in terms of perpetuating human society. Strong family values teach the children the ethics and the social responsibilities of adulthood. The love of the parents to the children translates to the personality of the adult. The displacement of this leads to a more random outcome and potentially more uncaring society. Research carried out in the UK indicated that a large majority of those surveyed feel marriage is no longer necessary today. (Papadopoulos, L. 2010) FAMILY COUNSELLING AND CHRISTIANITY Family counselling can be provided from a Christian perspective and there are many voluntary services that offer this service. I believe that you dont necessarily have to be a Christian in order to help others in distress or need but the overarching philosophy of Christianity supports this. The objective of the Christian approach is to bring the sincerity of love and care into the power of healing and a theoretical orientation into listening, understanding and relating to peoples problems. As such faith based counselling is not applied based on winning converts to Christianity but is part of an overall philosophy of the religion that is devoted to the care, well-being and help of mankind. There are for example biblical teachings that help in provision of guidance for dealing with people that have mental issues and family troubles. This is not achieved by the imposition of views on others but understanding client needs and providing a service of focused intervention in order to help t hem navigate towards a successful outcome. One of the fundamental approaches to that of Christian counselling is the provision of holistic strategies that equip the families with a basis to understand their relationships, the ability to re-connect and rediscover the love for one another and getting to grips with the root cause analysis of problems in order that they are better equipped to deal with them. Using the strengths-based approach it is helped that such counselling services helps to make a difference and by a joint participatory approach it is possible to heal people from past hurts and retributions in order to expose the family to a renewed and better relationship through the preservation of family relationships. A break down in family communications are often attributed to many of the marital problems that require intervention and counselling. There are numerous challenges in the integration of Christian principles into family therapy and counselling services. It was Berger and Luckman (1967) that managed to distinguish between two core competencies in family counselling i.e. primary socialisation where the process involves the identification as a member of a social group i.e. where a child still has abstract views of the social world and that of secondary socialisation where a child has already internalized a specific view of the world. In a marital break-down, the children are often the most vulnerable in terms of conceptualising what is taking place in terms of a communications breakdown. The more modern approach is that of permissive parenting. These types of parents often adopt an indulgent style as such they have very few demands to make of their children because they have low expectations from them in terms of discipline and maturity. The parents become more responsive than demanding. Such approaches are very lenient, flexible and do not require mature behaviour. The style is very much geared towards nurturing the children and becoming more of a trusted friend than that of a parent. In the US this has been termed the buddy approach. It is seen as being far more effective from a communications viewpoint as the child is more likely to confide in you and seek advice as a friend as opposed to a figure of authority that scares or intimidates. It provides for a healthier more deeply affectionate relationship as the parent is viewed more of a coach / mentor figure that someone who is rule bound and inflexible. This style can make for much happier parenting relationships and provides much better management of the puberty and teenage years. The downside is that you may not always be taken seriously and in the teenage years the children may become manipulative. This is the question of balance and ensuring that whilst you are a friend you are also the parent and as such have the final decision in terms of the more important decisions that need to be made. This particularly where teenage relationships and wise counselling are concerned e.g. substance abuse, external influences, behavioural considerations etc.

flatland :: essays research papers

"Flatland" is a story of depth, and the lack there of. The tale of A. Square's ventures through Pointland, Lineland and Spaceland ultimately reveal to him the possibilities of the seemingly impossible. In this case, the "impossibilities" are the very existence of other dimensions, or worlds. His guide throughout the journey, a god - like figure who refers to itself as "Sphere", bestows upon A. Square the greatest gift he could hope for, knowledge. It is only after the Sphere forcibly takes A. Square out of his dimension, however, that he is able to shrug off his ignorance and accept the fact that what cannot be, can, and much of what he believed before is wrong. When he sees first hand that a square can have depth simply by lining up a parallel square above it and connecting the vertices with lines he is awestruck by its beauty. A cube now exists, seemingly made out of squares. Where there was but one square before now there are six connected. To A. Square's mindset, this thing of beauty is something he could become if only he could lift up. It gives him hope, for in his world you are ranked without say according to your shape. From the lowest convict shapes to the - not - quite - perfectly - round - but - practically - there priests. When A. Square asks the sphere deity what comes next, what about the fourth dimension, Sphere becomes ve xed and sends A. Square plummeting back to his original world without the necessary knowledge to be effective in spreading the gospel of the third dimension. This is, of course, what leads to the end for A. Square; being locked up in an insane asylum for speaking of what simply cannot be. Adding to the irony is that no matter how hard A. Square tries, it is quite impossible for him to demonstrate it within the two dimensional realm. The knowledge that he thirsted for was his demise. "Flatland" is a book which main purpose is to make the reader think; it raises many questions. Is there a fourth, fifth, sixth, infinite dimensions? Logically, there should be. Just as there is a dimension zero, a dimension one, a second and third dimension, should not there also be a fourth? The Sphere speaks to A. Square of Geometrical Progression 1, 2, 4 and hints that it goes beyond even that (to 8).

Blades, Inc. Case Study Analysis Paper Essay

Blades, Inc. Case Study Analysis PaperFactors of Foreign Exchange RatesExchange rates are the amount of one country’s currency needed to purchase one unit of another currency and the foreign exchange market is the monetary nexus between countries that makes it possible for global trade to be accomplished more efficiently than barter. The foreign exchange market is where one countries’ currency is exchanged for another because each nation uses its own monetary unit. Therefore, if people in one nation want to acquire goods in another nation, currency must be replaced from one country for the other country to accommodate the business deal. Foreign exchange rates, at the most basic level, are derived from long-term economic fundamentals. These variables weigh and measure the value of one currency to another. Over time, these economic fundamentals and macro-factors will lead to very long-term trends. From the fundamentalist’s perspective, the main factors that affect foreign exchange rates are Interest rates, Trade balance, Inflation, GDP (Gross Domestic Product), and Employment Statistics. See more: how to write an analysis paper Case SummaryBlades, Inc. needed to order supplies two months ahead of the delivery date. The company considered an order from a Japanese supplier that required a payment of 12.5 million yen payable as of the delivery date. Blades had two choices to either purchase two call options contracts (since each option contract represented 6,250,000 yen) or purchase one futures contract (which represented 12.5 million yen). The futures price on yen had historically exhibited a slight discount from the existing spot rate. However, the firm would have liked to use currency options to hedge payables in Japanese yen for transactions two months in advance. Blades would have preferred hedging their yen payable positions because the company was uncomfortable leaving the position open given the historical volatility of the yen. Nevertheless, the firm was willing to remain unhedged if the yen became more stable someday. Ben Holt, Blades’ chief financial officer (CFO), preferred the flexibility that options offer over forward contracts or futures contracts because he  could let the options expire if the yen depreciates. He would have liked to use an exercise price that was about 5% above the existing spot rate to ensure that Blades would have to pay no more than 5% above the existing spot rate for a transaction two months beyond its order date, as long as the option premium was no more than 1.6% of the price it would have to pay per unit when exercising the option. In general, options on the yen have required a premium of about 1.5% of the total transaction amount that would be paid if the option is exercised. For example, recently the yen spot rate was $0.0072, and the firm purchased a call option with an exercise price of $0.00756, which is 5% above the existing spot rate. The premium for this option was $0.0001134, which is 1.5% of the price to be paid per yen if the option is exercised. A recent event caused more uncertainty about the yen’s future value, although it did not affect the spot rate or the forward or futures rate of the yen. Specifically, the yen’s spot rate was still $0.0072, but the option premium for a call option with an exercise price of $0.00756 was now $0.0001512. An alternative call option was available with an expiration date of two months from now and had a premium of $0.0001134 (which is the size of the premium that would have existed for the option desired before the event), but it is for a call option with an exercise price of $.00792. The table below summarized the option and futures information available to Blades:Before EventAfter EventSpot Rate$.0072$.0072$.0072Option Information:Exercise price ($)$.00756$.00756$.00792Exercise price (% above spot)5%5%10%Option premium (% of exercise price)$.0001134$.0001512$.0001134Total premium ($)1.5%2.0%1.5%Amount paid for yen if option is exercised(not including premium)$1,417.50$1,890.00$1,417.50Futures Contract Information:$94,500$94,500$99,000Futures price$.006912$.006912Formulated Answers1. If Blades uses call options to hedge its yen payables, I believe the firm should use the call option with the exercise price of $0.00792 rather than the call option with the exercise price of $0.00756 because the amount paid for yen if option is exercised is $472.50 less than the exercise  price of $0.00756. 2. Blades should allow its yen position to be unhedged because the tradeoff to be hedged is not much different from if it were unhedged. However, if the company is uncomfortable leaving the position open given the historical volatility of the yen, then hedging is the best option. 3. Assuming there were speculators who attempted to capitalize on their expectation of the yen’s movement over the two months between the order and delivery dates by either buying or selling yen futures now and buying or selling yen at the future spot rate, the expectation on the order date of the yen spot rate by the delivery date would be $0.0072, if speculations were correct. 4. If the firm shares the market consensus of the future yen spot rate, its optimal choice, purely on a cost basis should be $0.0072 given this expectation and given that the firm made a decision. 5. The choice I made as to the optimal hedging strategy may not turn out to be the lowest-cost alternative in terms of actual costs incurred because the firm is speculating the risk. The firm is hedging due to being unsure of what the market will do. The perfect hedge would reduce the risk to nothing. This would be the optimal hedging strategy. 6. Assuming that I have determined the historical standard deviation of the yen is about $0.0005. Based on my assessment, I believe the future spot rate is highly unlikely to be more than two standard deviations above the expected spot rate by the delivery date. If the futures price remains at its current level of $0.006912, the optimal hedge for the firm is $0.007326. References Cambridge Mercantile Group (2007). Economic Factors in Forex. Retrieved November 20, 2007,from www.cambridgefx.comMadura, J (2006). International Financial Management (8th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson. Retrieved November 6, 2007, from University of Phoenix, Resource, FIN403-  Global Finance Website.

Greek Goddesses Essay - 1145 Words

The Greek Goddesses In Greek mythology the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus played a major role in everyday life. The Greeks respected them and thought of the gods as all mighty. In Ancient Greece the people honored and believe in the deities. Myths, poems, and epics tell the stories and beliefs referring to the gods and goddesses. Many literary works display the power and jobs of the goddesses. The Greek people lived to please the deities in hope of gaining a better lifestyle. The goddesses of Greece acted as an important part of Greek mythology ( Hamilton 28-35 ). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Historians placed the goddesses into categories. The first category included the major goddesses†¦show more content†¦Athena held the city of Athens sacred and this city took on her name. The owl symbolizes wisdom and Athena referred to this as her sacred bird ( Hamilton 29 ). Athena created the olive tree and therefore holds it sacred and important. The Greeks built a temple called the Parthenon to honor Athena. With this temple built, the Greeks had somewhere to go to place their offerings in front of the goddess. Many Greeks thought of Athena as most important of the goddesses ( Pinset 100 ). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Some Greeks placed high importance on Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty. Aphrodite loved men and most men returned her love while women honored her for her beauty. The Romans called her Venus but still thought of her the same way the Greeks did. Even though the daughter of Zeus and Dione, the story of Aphrodite’s birth has many variations. The most commonly told story says that the goddess rose from the sea foam. Aphrodite held the myrtle tree sacred along with the dove and sometimes swan. Most commonly written of in poems and myths, Aphrodite has many stories to go along with her reputation. 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